Ford Motor Company Essay Example For Students

Portage Motor Company Essay Portage Motor Company Ford Motor Company was a fruitful business. The car business started with Henry Fords creation of the Model T in the mid 1900s. With the making of the mechanical production system, vehicles got less expensive and faster to create, making them reasonable for some individuals. There were initially 500 car makers. By 1908, there were just 200; and in 1917 just 23 remained. This tremendous decrease was because of a lot of union inside the business. Right now, the significant contenders inside the business are Ford, DaimlerChrylser, General Motors (GM), Honda, Toyota, and Volkswagen. A couple of United States (US) makers produce 23% of the universes vehicles while Japan is answerable for 21%. The inclination for the business is to be a worldwide maker of cars; parts can be made all through the world and amassed in a wide range of spots. The pattern of solidification has proceeded all through today. By and by, this is apparent in the ongoing procurement of Chrysler by Daimler-Benz in late 1998, accordingly framing DaimlerChrylser. T hese solidifications have demonstrated advantageous to purchasers since organizations have had the option to diminish expenses and give those investment funds to the clients. A portion of the other significant instances of solidification are Nissan auctioning off a controlling 37% enthusiasm to Renault; General Motors 49% responsibility for; and Fords 33% greater part of Mazda. Different endeavors to turn out to be progressively serious have converted into the European Union dropping exchange hindrances and European carmakers utilizing cost decreasing endeavors. American producers have seen 2-3% development throughout the most recent couple of years. Some current patterns are the blast in ubiquity of the Sport Utility Vehicle (SUV) and large extravagance vehicles. Later on the worldwide vehicle advertise is loaded with potential. There are at present 44 million vehicles and continuously 2002 specialists gauge that number will develop to 64 million. That development isn't relied upon to be in the US, rather in nations, for example, China, India, The Pacific Rim, South Africa, and South America. In America, a current pattern is for the local vehicle seller to be bought by an enormous producer, for example, GM, so vehicles can be sold through retail outlets. Other future undertakings incorporate low emanation vehicles, which are relied upon to give developments in deals. Some significant automakers are putting resources into energy components, gadgets that convert fluid hydrogen into power, planning to make future vehicles all the more naturally neighborly. The vehicle business will see a greater number of changes in the following 10 years than it has in the last 100. Financial Climate previously, the curiously large vehicle was the body-style of decision among American buyers. During the 1970s, oil deficiencies prompted an expansion sought after for more eco-friendly vehicles, in this manner the sub-conservative vehicle became advocated. After 1979, Japans profi ciency at delivering this sort of vehicle permitted them to take 30% of the U.S. vehicle showcase away from American makers. In 1999, all out industry deals have risen 8%2. Presently, remarkable rivalry has compelled firms to diminish costs. This opposition is an aftereffect of the mass solidifications happening among overall car producers. These colossal organizations can offer numerous styles and alternatives, yet such huge numbers of choices include some significant downfalls. This could turn into an issue for them as progressively educated purchasers demand lower costs and more additional items. The World Wide Web, which permits shoppers to altogether research and buy cars from home, has become a fundamental fixing to any fruitful automakers arms stockpile, and will keep on assuming an enormous job in the 21st Century. The extravagance vehicle fragment has developed progressively serious, yet keeps up enormous overall revenue potential. American purchasers have been demonstratin g expanded enthusiasm for European and Japanese makers. An examination in 1990 uncovered 11% of Americans needed to buy European extravagance vehicles, a number that has expanded to 23% in 1999. The Sport Utility Vehicles (SUVs) fragment has risen as one of todays most sweltering markets through its expanded deals. North-American buyers in higher levels of pay are picking, with expanding recurrence, to place SUVs in their carports. Minivans piece of the pie was 8% in 1998, which was down 12% from 1991. This is an aftereffect of a move in customer request away from these vehicles. By and large market examiner understanding is that minivans have entered the adult phase of the item life cycle. Get trucks, particularly American vehicles that range the entirety of the customer target markets, show great potential for residential makers. U.S. producers have supported unmatched deals in this fragment because of the fame development of trucks. The biggest and most significant item portion i n the car business is fair size vehicles. It is a zone of serious rivalry for vehicle deals in the United States. Fame for moderate size vehicles is because of purchasers inclination for extravagance vehicles they can't bear the cost of and compacts that they don't care for. These vehicle sections join to frame an industry in which buyers have consistently evolving tastes. Late years show that, for those makers who can contend around the world, benefit and development potential will be ever present. The organization who can create vehicles consolidating the latest advances at the least cost will end up with the upper hand. Passage Motor Companys first vehicle was sold on July 23, 1903. In 1906, the primary Model T was made accessible and the millionth vehicle was created on December 10, 1915. Creation of trucks and tractors started in 1917. Passage turned into the primary worldwide organization when they began sending out vehicles to Europe. Inside 10 years Ford had plants in 5 nati ons. In 1956, Ford opened up to the world about the biggest stock issue ever; 10.2 million offers. The Ford family despite everything holds 34% of the organizations casting a ballot stock. Passages account auxiliary, Ford Motor Credit, was framed in 1959 and is the main automobile money organization around the world. The Thunderbird, a two-seater sports vehicle, was created in 1954. An upset was begun in 1964 when Ford revealed the Ford Mustang. It was the first run through the world had seen an energetic vehicle with a young touch. The 70s were a period for quality reflection, evaluation, and improvement. In 1980, Ford presented the Escort, which was their first endeavor at a vehicle that could be comprehensively showcased. The 80s were additionally the decade wherein the Taurus showed up. Passage at that point built up the worldwide vehicle alluded to as CDW27. It was an exceptionally complex vehicle that sent everywhere throughout the world with just slight adjustments for differ ent locales. In 1987, Ford earned record benefits of $4.63 Billion and after three years they endured their biggest one-year loss of $2.3 Billion. Passage Motor Company of Canada, Ltd. As of now, Ford is the #2 producer of vehicles and trucks around the world. They are likewise the universes biggest truck maker and are positioned by Fortune 500 as the second biggest modern organization. Passages three significant auxiliaries are Hertz, Ford Credit, and Visteon. Hertz is the U.S.s biggest rental vehicle organization. They have seen five years of record benefits and seven straight long periods of expanded income. Passage Credit is the universes biggest car account organization. In 1998 its profit were $1.1 billion, an expansion from a year ago. Visteon is a segment producing activity with yearly deals of about $18 billion. Likely arrangements: According to the organization, Fords prime concentration in the 21st Century will be on the shopper. Passages the board expressed, Our vision i s to be the universes driving shopper organization that gives car items and administrations. What's more, Ford has put forth an arrangement with Microsoft trying to exploit the MSN CarPoint administration. What's more, Ford as of late reported a concurrence with Yahoo! which will permit vehicle proprietors to enlist their vehicles on the web. Their arrangements venture that vehicles will have the option to interface inside 3 years. That online assistance is known as day in and day out. With this administration vehicle proprietors will consider such to be as: having the option to get administration updates, data using a credit card records; and continuous traffic reports. Voice-enacted Internet get to is likewise anticipated to be accessible inside 3 years. With that administration, things like email capacities and course recovery will be conceivable in a sans hands environment. Portage is likewise attempting to grow in the region of online business. Their attention is on five territ ories: Telematics, Business to Consumer, Customer procurement, Customer maintenance, and Business to Business. Portage is endeavoring to make propels that will keep it serious in a worldwide market during the data transformation. General Ford has indicated a consistent example of deals development from 1994 to 1997, developing at 5-7% every year. Be that as it may, in 1998 deals were down 6%. In 1999, deals were up 14% from the earlier year, giving them a normal over the 94-99 time of 5.4% development. Net revenue has stayed consistent, continually extending somewhere in the range of 7% and 9%, somewhat over the business normal. Cost of merchandise sold has stayed around 72%, which shows consistency inside Fords producing plants. Portages acquiring can be clarified by its influence proportions. Portages obligation proportion has remained generally consistent in the course of the most recent 5 years. 1998s obligation proportion was 82.65%. This shows how they were depending intensely on acquired assets to back tasks. This is additionally revealed by Fords obligation to-value proportion of 4.77 in 1998, which is up from past years. Contrasted with the 1.97 business normal, Fords number shows up very high. Passages times-premium earned for 1998 was 3.68, an expansion from earlier years. This could be expected to the $15,955 million addition Ford recorded because of the side project of their enthusiasm for The Associates, Inc. The liquidity of Ford, demonstrated by its present proportion of .41, shows that they have numerous current liabilities. This number is a lot of lower than the business normal of 1.8. Portages snappy proportion has slanted upward in the course of the most recent 4 years, with 1998 completing at .

A Holy Nation Essays - Books Of Samuel, Samuel, Saul, Eli

A Holy Nation Essays - Books Of Samuel, Samuel, Saul, Eli A Holy Nation A Holy Nation In the wake of making the world, a heaven for mankind, God is compelled to exile Adam and Eve since they defy His requests to not eat natural product from the tree of shrewdness. This outcomes eventually in the fall of man to earth. Quickly from the earliest starting point of his time on Earth, man decides not to follow the way set before him by God however rather spreads abhorrent all through the world. Along these lines, the natural issue people face is the strain to decide as regards great and shrewdness, the need to seek to resemble God. God's first answer for this issue was to flood the world slaughtering everybody, except those on Noah's curve. God acknowledges, in any case, this isn't a response to the issue that people are, and chooses a subsequent arrangement, that being the Holy Nation of Israel. God makes Israel, so the Holy Nation and its history can fill in as a directing light to the world. Israel is in this way a model wherein the world can view and gain from. A critical character inside the incredible history of Israel, is the Holy Nation's first ruler, King Saul. Saul exemplifies the hazardous individual, and his character completely shows human pride, the need to ascend and resemble God in judging what is good and bad. This pride is eventually the focal wellspring of every single other sin. The standard of Saul over the individuals of Israel is a significant defining moment for the Holy Nation, for it denotes the finish of a line of Judges and starts a line of Kings. Saul is blessed lord of Israel because of the wrongdoing of the individuals of Israel. The residents of Israel, notice not just that Samuel, the Judge, was developing old, yet additionally that his children, whom he delegated to succeed him as Judge, didn't follow their dad's ways yet were resolved to their own benefit, accepting kickbacks, and debasing the course of justice(8:3). Thus the individuals requested a ruler be named to manage over them, significantly after they were given a grave admonition of things to come lord's oppression (8:10-8:18). Since the Israelites dismiss the request for Judges, they along these lines dismiss God's statement that He will spare them, and have, accordingly, lost confidence in God. God states to Samuel, Listen to the individuals and all that they are stating; they have not dismissed you, it is I whom they have dismissed, I whom they won't have be their King(8:7). Notwithstanding His kin's wrongdoing against Him, be that as it may, God finds a lord to lead over Israel, and picks Saul. In the first place Saul is a solid and humble pioneer to his kin. When is uncle examines him regarding Samuel's comments, Saul answers, 'He revealed to us that the jackasses had been found'... yet, he didn't rehash the thing Samuel had said about his being king(10:16). He doesn't advise his uncle that he is to become lord of Israel since he isn't arrogant and prideful in his situation as leader over God's divinely selected individuals. In addition, Saul turns out to be exceptionally passionate and viable pioneer when he decides to [take] a couple of bulls, cut them in pieces, and [send] delegate with the pieces all through Israel to announce that the equivalent would be done to the bulls of any man who didn't follow [Samuel and himself] to battle(11:5). Saul's first demonstrations and first victories as lord demonstrate not just that he has the characteristics of a decent pioneer, yet additionally strengthens in the brain of the individuals that he is God's picked. Saul's first triumphs against the country's foes cause incredible happiness and fervor among the Israelites. During this snapshot of cheering, Samuel gives an admonition to the individuals of Israel that is progressively coordinated towards Saul himself. Samuel states, If you will love the Lord and give valid and steadfast help, in the event that you don't oppose his orders, and in the event that you and the ruler who rules over you are dedicated to the Lord you God, great, however on the off chance that you don't comply with the Lord, and on the off chance that you defy his orders, at that point his hands will be against you

Free Essays on Airborne Express

Airborne Express The two fundamental components of Porter’s Five Forces Model that Airborne Express ought to be generally worried about are the degree of rivalry inside the business and the intensity of the purchasers. The seriousness in the business is extraordinary. It is lead by two goliaths, Federal Express and the United Parcel Service (UPS), which represent 35 and 24 percent of the piece of the pie individually. Airborne Express holds just 9 percent of the market. Contending with these two modern juggernauts is troublesome because of their huge budgetary preferred position and their general size. Airborne Express likewise needs to manage the better than expected dealing intensity of their high-volume corporate clients. They decided to concentrate on this portion of the market in the mid 1980s and, despite the fact that this technique has incredibly helped them to succeed, these purchasers frequently have the ability to request considerable limits that they regularly get. There is one ter ritory of purchasing power that could be viewed as a favorable position for Airborne Express. They control the main secretly confirmed Foreign Trade Zone (FTZ) in the U.S. In a FTZ stock is tax exempt and customs obligations are possibly paid on things when they leave. This permits outside organizations to store inventories in the U.S. with Airborne Express without paying traditions obligations on them until the need emerges, which is something they can’t do anyplace else and extraordinarily constrains their purchasing power in this regard. Airborne Express doesn’t have any huge issues of provider force or accessibility of substitutes to stress over. Boundaries to section incorporate the sheer size of both Federal Express and the United Parcel Service and an extremely experienced industry. Airborne Express has numerous qualities. They are decently innovatively solid with their three primary data frameworks: FOCUS, LIBRA II, and Customer Linkage. These projects essentially improve client assistance and diminish costs. They are lucky to have the main FT... Free Essays on Airborne Express Free Essays on Airborne Express Airborne Express The two fundamental components of Porter’s Five Forces Model that Airborne Express ought to be generally worried about are the degree of rivalry inside the business and the intensity of the purchasers. The seriousness in the business is exceptionally extraordinary. It is lead by two goliaths, Federal Express and the United Parcel Service (UPS), which represent 35 and 24 percent of the piece of the pie individually. Airborne Express holds just 9 percent of the market. Rivaling these two modern juggernauts is exceptionally troublesome because of their huge money related preferred position and their general size. Airborne Express additionally needs to manage the better than expected bartering intensity of their high-volume corporate clients. They decided to concentrate on this section of the market in the mid 1980s and, despite the fact that this procedure has enormously helped them to succeed, these purchasers frequently have the ability to request generous limits that they regu larly get. There is one zone of purchasing power that could be viewed as a preferred position for Airborne Express. They control the main secretly confirmed Foreign Trade Zone (FTZ) in the U.S. In a FTZ stock is tax exempt and customs obligations are possibly paid on things when they leave. This permits remote organizations to store inventories in the U.S. with Airborne Express without paying traditions obligations on them until the need emerges, which is something they can’t do anyplace else and extraordinarily restrains their purchasing power in this regard. Airborne Express doesn’t have any huge issues of provider force or accessibility of substitutes to stress over. Hindrances to section incorporate the sheer size of both Federal Express and the United Parcel Service and a develop industry. Airborne Express has numerous qualities. They are reasonably mechanically solid with their three fundamental data frameworks: FOCUS, LIBRA II, and Customer Linkage. These projects fundamentally improve client assistance and decrease costs. They are blessed to have the main FT...

APUSH Document Based Questions and Responses A Study Guide

Document Based Questions tend to freak students out the most on the APUSH exam. This is understandable; not only do you have to read documents, you have to write a coherent essay about them. Eeek! However, we’ve got you covered here at Magoosh. For a step-by-step breakdown of what you need to do to write a Document Based Question (DBQ), check out my other blog posts on 3 Steps to a DBQ Essay that Works and How to Write a DBQ Essay. This post, though, will focus on what other students have done to make their Document Based Question essays successful. I will take you through one DBQ on a prior APUSH exam and give you the ins and outs, and the dos and don’ts. At the end, I will provide a link to a DBQ essay for you to practice some of the things that successful test-takers have done. There, you can compare your essay to the scoring notes provided by College Board. In fact, everything I present on this post will be provided by College Board – you can (and should!) check out their website for more tips. Sound good? Let’s go! Document Based Question #1 This is taken from the 2016 APUSH Exam. The DBQ for this section asks you to do the following: Explain the causes of the rise of a women’s rights movement in the period 1940–1975. You will have 55 minutes to answer that question. The College Board suggests 15 minutes for reading and 40 minutes for writing, although if you are a fast and careful reader, you can start writing before your 15-minute reading period is done. I won’t post all of the documents that you have to reference (there are 7 after all!), but the following two documents are representative of the types of documents you will encounter on a DBQ. As you can see, there’s a mix of photographs, advertisements, and text that you will be expected to incorporate into your essay. Still with me? Good. Next, let’s look into what an essay should have in it. Scoring Notes for Document Based Questions The following (including descriptions) comes straight from the APUSH scoring notes. I’ll break down parts of it later to make sure that you understand what they want to see. Your DBQ essay should have the following (for a maximum of 7 points): Thesis: Present a thesis that makes a historically defensible claim and responds to all parts of the question. The thesis must consist of one or more sentences located in one place, either in the introduction or the conclusion. Argument Development: Develop and support a cohesive argument that recognizes and accounts for historical complexity by explicitly illustrating relationships among historical evidence such as contradiction, corroboration, and/or qualification. Use of the Documents: Utilize the content of at least six of the documents to support the stated thesis or a relevant argument. Sourcing the Documents: Explain the significance of the author’s point of view, author’s purpose, historical context, and/or audience for at least four documents. Contextualization: Situate the argument by explaining the broader historical events, developments, or processes immediately relevant to the question. Outside Evidence: Provide an example or additional piece of specific evidence beyond those found in the documents to support or qualify the argument. Synthesis: Extend the argument by explaining the connections between the argument and ONE of the following. A development in a different historical period, situation, era, or geographical area. A course theme and/or approach to history that is not the focus of the essay (such as political, economic, social, cultural, or intellectual history). Yes, it’s a lot. But students have done it before, and so can you! Just because of the limits of space, I am only going to show you what to do and what not to do on the parts where I have seen students struggle most: thesis and synthesis. Thesis Statements for Document Based Questions Your thesis statement is the bread and butter of any essay you write for the APUSH exam. As I have stated before in previous posts, you should spend the most time on your thesis because a strong thesis will guide the rest of your essay. But what makes a thesis strong? As mysterious as that question may seem, it is relatively straightforward: A strong thesis directly answers the question being asked by referencing specific times, movements, or ideas. It’s that simple! Well, it’s sort of simple. Developing a strong thesis is hard work, but let’s begin at the beginning. Heres the question being asked: Explain the causes of the rise of a women’s rights movement in the period 1940–1975. Notice that the question asks for causes, meaning MORE than one. Also, notice that the question gives you a defined time period to work with. Therefore, your thesis shouldn’t deal with any events, ideas, or people outside of that time period. Lets look at two student examples. Example Thesis #1: The women’s rights movement arose as a result of women’s experiences with inequality at work and the influence of other rights movements. Does the student directly answer the question being asked? Yes. According to the student, the women’s rights movement was caused by the experiences of women dealing with inequality at work and the influence of other rights movements in the same time. Is the student being specific? Yes. I know that this student will be organizing their essay in two big chunks: inequality in the workforce and civil rights movements. Notice that this student didn’t give the longest answer possible, and the response was not necessarily the most eloquent, but that student still got a point for their thesis. Example Thesis #2: The woman’s rights movement was the product of unfair treatment in economics, politics, and society. Does the student directly answer the question being asked? Well, yes, but I am unclear what â€Å"economics, politics, and society† means. Is the student being specific? Not at all. There could be thousands of things that go under economics, politics, and society – and many things could be considered â€Å"unfair† – so I have no idea what the student will be arguing in this DBQ. Thesis Statement Dos and Donts DO: Directly answer the question being asked. Be specific. Write a thesis statement like the first example. Dont: Answer the question in a confusing way or answer some other question you think the test SHOULD be asking. Be general. Synthesis in Document Based Questions This is a newer component of the DBQ. You need to demonstrate your understanding of history by being able to go beyond the documents they provide you and make connections between different parts of history. This does NOT mean that you need to spend all of your time racking your brain for more evidence. However, it does mean that you should have a solid understanding of US History and can extend your argument to other time periods or themes. Let’s look at some student examples to explain what I mean. Student Example #1: The conditions that helped cause the rise of the women’s rights movement in the 20th century were similar to those that helped cause the rise of a movement for greater women’s rights in the 1840s. In both periods, calls for greater rights for African Americans led women to demand more of a voice in social and political reforms. This student explains that the conditions for women’s rights movements were similar in two different time periods, extending the argument beyond this one moment in US history. Student Example #2: A development in a different historical period was when Alice Paul went on hunger strikes and protests in from of the White House to gain attention on passing an amendment that would give women their rights. Paul’s fight for women’s rights started with trying to get equal voting rights for women. This links to how in 1940-1975 women were fighting for equal rights in wages and other important rights. This student makes a connection to another time period by arguing that the fight for equal rights did not begin in 1940; instead, women had been active for some time in US history to achieve equal rights. Student Example #3: The Seneca Falls convention also served to help inspire women around the world to gain equal rights. The speech given clearly stated the way things were being conducted was unconstitutional and women should not be socially inferior to men. Unlike the first two student responses, this third response does NOT connect back to the time period in the question. I am unclear from this student response whether the connection is gaining equal rights for women, the persistence of inequality, or the changing interpretations of the Constitution. This student did not receive a point for the synthesis criteria. Synthesis Dos and Donts DO: Connect back to the time period of the question. Be specific. Dont: State something that you feel is an â€Å"obvious† connection, but never make a connection yourself. You should be doing that work for your reader. Be general. Document Based Question #2: Your Turn! Although I haven’t outlined every single component of the DBQ, you should look at the two blog posts I linked to at the beginning of this article for more references. But now it’s time for you to dive in! You will only get better by practicing. You should practice with the 2015 Document Based Question 1. In that document, you will have access to the questions and sample student responses. Good luck, and let me know how it goes!

Essay about The Increase in Violence - 775 Words

The Increase in Violence In the year 2000 there are many problems with society. One of the biggest and most controllable is the issue of violence. Although we are subjected to violence everyday by simply turning on the news, other forms of violence for entertainment can be censored. This is the type of violence that is corrupting the minds of todays youth and destroying the change for a peaceful future. In todays society violence is saturating the minds of children and people must learn to become involved in the problem before it is integrated into cultures around the world. Due to the fact that violence is everywhere, people accept it because they are constantly being exposed to it. It has become a†¦show more content†¦They think this way especially if the artist is consider a ?role model? by others. In video games, violence is animated and people do not see the reality in it. They believe that they will have another life or have the ability to start the game over. This attracts teenagers because it gives them a chance to be violent without having to deal with the repercussions. Since violence is saturating U.S. culture, nonviolence is becoming extinct. There have been numerous examples where a lives could have been saved if a solution had been made peacefully instead of violently. An example of this is Columbine High School. The two students responsible for that massacre were advocates for violence and felt anger toward the world. If parents, teachers, counselors, or even friends had taken interest into their lives then the tra gedy would have never happened. Programs have been set up where students can go and work out their problems(i.e. peer mediation). In today?s world there needs to be more of a push towards nonviolence from adults and even kids. If they are taught at a young age the right way to handle a situation then violence will be able to be controlled. 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The Death Of Smoking Cigarettes Essay - 1532 Words

A constant flow of smoke inhaling into my lungs every breath I took. Holding the smoke in my mouth for a mid-second, before exhaling and letting the smoke disperse around my surroundings. The feeling of letting warm smoke into my body made me feel relaxed and at peace. Living a life without smoking cigarettes seemed like death, ironic for what cigarettes do to a human. Who couldn’t love the sensation after smoking just one cigarette? That question always confused me. That was until I saw the light in my life. I found a reason to stop, a reason to be human again and not some obsessed, crazy girl who was seen living in the shadows of her life rather than in the important stages of youth and mortality. Addiction, whether it is cigarettes, alcohol, or drugs, can have the power to force the civil and reality-based mind, to one under control and full of resentment. Every time I took a puff from my cigarette a feeling of instant head-rush appeared and my anxiety felt like it was bein g drained away. I wasn’t the one who controlled my life anymore. The addiction had taken over my mind, thoughts and actions. Sarah was no longer present. A new figure took over my life, stronger than I could have ever imagined. The addiction was like a constant whisper in my ear telling me what to do and who to be. I couldn’t go two hours without having to step out to take a smoke. My life had transformed to an out of body and mind experience. The more I smoked, the pungent, earthy smell and taste ofShow MoreRelatedThe Death Of Cigarette Smoking Essay2110 Words   |  9 PagesThe leading preventable cause of death and disease in the United States of America is Cigarette smoking. In America yearly, more than 480,000 deaths occur due to cigarette smoking; within those numbers more than 41,000 deaths are due to inhalation of second hand smoke. 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Colonial Furniture free essay sample

Early Amer. styles (Chippendale, Queen Anne, blockfront), materials, consumer needs, British influence, paint, carvings. Most colonial furniture was the product of the settlers practical need for the basics of existence. On their arrival the first colonists had to cope with the problems of survival and the difficulties of the voyage had allowed them to bring very few of their possessions along. At first they were unable to concern themselves with any but the most basic uses of time and precious human resources and furniture makers skills were needed elsewhere. But they did carry with them their deeply embedded habits, customs and tastes and the old forms and the tools needed to make them were reproduced virtually unchanged and persisted long after they had been abandoned back home and were to be the basis of new, specifically American versions of European furniture styles. Within the broad field of colonial furniture styles it is possible to select a few topics that

Philosophers Stone Essay Example

Philosophers Stone Essay The camera angle now changes to a close up of the boy. He looks in the mirror to where his mother was standing, and touches it. His facial expressions demonstrate that hes trying to hold back his tears. Perhaps he is trying to make himself look like a big boy, who doesnt really need his mum anymore.  There is a parallel to be made here between this scene and another well known to children. In Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone there is a moving episode where Harry sees his dead parents in the mirror. He reaches out to them but then they are gone. The film preceded this Cancer advert but clever advertisers recognize the power of association. They know that children watching this appeal will be reminded of their favorite film and will instantly bond with the advert. It might even encourage them to draw their parents attention to it. Association of the product with a well-known media star or event is a well-used technique. The advert now diverts to a family who has been treated by the Cancer organisation. The mother in this scene is brushing her hair; its quite a normal thing to do, the family doesnt look affected by cancer at all. The children are talking the background of the three shot camera angle. The phone number appears on the screen, whilst the voiceover says Please call 0800 316 4000 and give 2 a month to Cancer Research UK. We will write a custom essay sample on Philosophers Stone specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Philosophers Stone specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Philosophers Stone specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer At this point the advert is telling the viewer to contribute a small donation and magnify the result. The colours in the background are warm and pleasant, associated with life and security. The mother says to one of her children come here and hugs her child with strength and love. The hug becomes a kiss and a hug again; this is showing to the viewer the strength of their relationship. This also implies openness and a need to communicate to children about cancer. It blows away previously held myths that cancer is infectious or has a stigma attached to it. Text is printed across the screen à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2 a month will help us cure cancer faster these are a few short words which will help the viewer to develop an understanding for the uses of the small contribution. Most adverts tend to leave the advert with a key point, or name so that the viewers will remember the product advertised when they next go shopping. The Cancer Research UKs advert finishes with the mother and daughter hugging. The background has a mirror that reflects the light, and warm colours to show the life and future the family has together. The advertisement here is stressing the effectiveness of the product, that is, Cancer Research UK would make good use of your contribution. In my opinion, the advertisement is successful because it shows two scenes that are both similar and contrasting. Both portray family life with a mother and child. However the fundamental difference is life and death. In one scene the mother dies of cancer. In the other the mother survives. The inference is that the person who can really make the difference is the viewer. A modest donation of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2 a month is a small price to pay to alleviate the viewers guilt, to buy hope and find an effective cure for cancer. The advert empowers the viewer to act in a positive way and this is an appealing message. It also implies that as one in three of us will develop cancer at some point in our lives, and therefore it would be a good and wise investment.  This is a beautifully crafted advert that stimulates the senses of sight, sound, and touch. As such, it makes a lasting impression especially as a potential giver can contribute to a happy ending.

Animal Cruelty- Persuasive Essay Essay Example

Animal Cruelty Animal Cruelty- Persuasive Essay Essay Animal Cruelty- Persuasive Essay Essay Essay Topic: Persuasive Animal Cruelty- Persuasive Essay Animal Cruelty- Persuasive Essay Every day in the Australia animals are beaten, neglected, or forced to struggle for survival. Left in unsanitary conditions with no food or water, they have little hope as they live out their days without the compassion they deserve. Some are found and rescued, given the chance to experience how great life and humans can be; others arent so lucky. Animal abuse affects us in many ways: It’s bad for our animals, it affects not only the animal, but the witness’ and the abusers turn in to criminals. To grow as a nation, we must fight for these abused animals rights. It is up to us to speak for the animals that lack a voice, who will, if we won’t? Animals are important in our society; we have dozens of native and brought over animals that aren’t treated correctly. Most of the time, it is nowhere near the animals fault, sometimes owners have no money to care for their pet, though that is no excuse for not turning their pet in to a nice shelter. Animals have feelings too and it is essential to treat them with the respect that we give humans. If we don’t care for the animals, the life cycle will change and they will become extinct. Animals provide us with many things in life, like happiness and learning new things. All the time, animals are becoming smarter and more helpful, we are teaching them new tricks and they can help save people. It doesn’t just appeal to inside pets, farm animal are squished in tiny cages and made for breeding then slaughtered the wrong way. This not only affects the animals, but the witness’ too. Of course animals are very important but the owners that have had cruel things done to their animals are scarred for life. Imagine watching someone you love die because of someone else, imagine that person is your pet. The people that have experienced this our now left with a mark, all because someone feels the need to hurt their property. If we can find a way to stop animal cruelty then we won’t have to see

ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant) Research Paper

ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant) - Research Paper Example In the year 2006, the group further joined other Sunni insurgent groups to form the Mujahedeen Shura Council. The rise of the Mujahedeen Shura Council, lead to the emergence of an Islamic state, the Islamic State of Iraq (ISI). After the taking over of the leadership of the group by Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the group expanded much more where it further entered in Syria through participation in the civil war that was going on in the country. In this instance, the group formed itself in the areas dominated by the Sunnis of Syria through the governance of Ar-Raqqah, Idlib, Deir ez-Zor and Aleppo. After gaining control of Syria, the group, in this case, changed to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in April 2013. The action followed after the announcement by al-Baghdadi of the merger with al-Nusra Front group from Syria. The group maintained their close cooperation with the al-Qaeda until February 2014 when they broke ranks with each other due wrangling issues related to power (Mastors, 75). According the information obtained from the Iraqis and the spokesmen from the United States, the Islamic State of Iraq, and the Levant supported themselves. They supported themselves through raising of the money got from the kidnappings of wealthy Iraqis who paid to them a given ransom for their release. Apart from kidnapping of the wealthy citizens for ransom payments, the rebel group also used such activities like car theft, hijacking fuel trucks, and counterfeiting. Other sources of finance came from the raised supplies by commandeering rations and shaking down Iraqi soldiers for ammunition. The last cases involved the most lucratively stole oil in the region of Bayji for the black market to raise money for supporting their activities (QutÃÅ'Â £b, 56). Besides kidnappings and corruption means of sourcing for finance, Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant also got financial assistance from jihadists in

Individual report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Individual report - Essay Example One realized that it was hard to interact with group members who have met for the first time where no one led the group discussion and no roles were designated. This stage is consistent with Tuckman and Jensen’s forming stage (Tuckman and Jensen 1977). On the second meeting, the group members decided to assign tasks to give everyone a part of the presentation; so we all participated equally. Everyone was happy about the part and roles assigned. We arranged a meeting the week after it so we can add our work together. This stage could be indicative of the storming stage (Tuckman and Jensen 1977) where members realized the need to work and to accomplish the identified goal. No one referenced anything. Some of the group members were getting lazy about the work. It was so disappointing. I believe that this phase is still normal within the group since members expected that other members would perform and there was a wait and see phase. Due to the realization that we needed to accomplish more, during the fourth meeting, we did many things together as a group. The work and cooperation between us was good. All the tasks that were assigned have been prepared and we were ready to practice for the presentation. This stage is consistent with the perform stage of Tuckman and Jensen’s model (Tuckman and Jensen 1977). Everyone was satisfied. It was during the completion as all meetings, and upon realization that when members did the jobs assigned to them, then goals that were initially set were achieved. This state is the adjourning stage where members recognized and was satisfied with the result of the group’s efforts and will surely miss having worked together; but look forward to other group activities in the near future. The success of the teamwork was primarily due to the identification of the members on the need to accomplish the defined goal, which is the

Network effect Essay Example for Free

Network effect Essay Network effect is seen as a phenomenon where a network service (SNS or PNS) becomes more valuable as the number of users increase. This phenomenon encourages continually increasing membership within the network. This can happen when a user adopts a network service initially to connect with current users, or later, when â€Å"everyone† is using the network service. Although there may be a larger increase in new membership for SNS’s, it is stated throughout the LinkedIn case that new membership for PNS’s is likely to be more valuable to users because of the nature of the connection. Many people will not want to change PNS’s because they will lose their multiple connections already created (Yoffie et al. , 2009). The case examines the likelihood of SNS’s overlapping and taking over PNS’s. This outcome seems unlikely. By examining Exhibit 6 (Yoffie et al. , 2009, p. 16), the correlation among factors such as age, income, college education, and position within an organization sets LinkedIn squarely within its target market. Also, Yoffie et al. indicates the distinct uses of professional and social apps on Facebook. The multitude of users who use social apps vs. lower use of professional apps shows that Facebook users are less likely to make their profiles into professional networking tools, leaving PNS’s like LinkedIn for leveraging their professional careers (Author, p. 14). Question #2 Emerging companies need to generate new dynamics that are modernized, innovative, and easily adaptive to survive in this world. The new dynamics should be economically viable for the industry because they affect issues of whether to pursue a build or a buy approach to expand globally. LinkedIn Corporation, a PNS, is used by professionals globally to interact professionally. Uses include recruiting, getting expert advice, group collaboration, and more. Differentiating strategies were adopted by LinkedIn in order to separate itself from competition and answer the uestion of whether to utilize a build or buy approach. A build approach involves both monetary and other resource investments from the company. For LinkedIn, Investments in certain professional apps such as conference calendar, a tool used to indicate when certain conferences will be coming up, and which of a user’s connections will be attending, are examples of utilizing the build approach. The buying approach is where the company buys/merges with an existing SNS/PNS and integrates it within the existing systems. Although this expands a company, it constrains the ability of a company to customize the existing network with its own. Therefore, a company amp; its procedures need to adapt to the technology it buys. If they use a build approach, the company can build to their own specifications differentiating itself from existing networks (No Quote, Does not answer question). Question #3 LinkedIn’s strategy is straight to the point, be the best in the market of professional networking services (PNS). By focusing on providing a â€Å"virtual platform for professional interaction† (Yoffie et al. , 2009, p. 2), LinkedIn would provide various productive services to its users. Services provided include professional search, reference checking, recruiting, advice search, job searching amp; posting, and workgroup collaboration, which were successful because they allowed their users to become more effective in their professional careers. Also, its success was accounted for being involved with countless industries, rather than focusing on a specific industry like other PNS providers. Within its strategy, LinkedIn encompassed three premises which attributed to LinkedIn being the best in PNS, â€Å"remain a strongly differentiated category from SNS,† â€Å"maintain a hold on professional users for reasons both positive and negative,† and â€Å" embrace establishments rather than fight them† (Yoffie et al. , 2009, p. 3). LinkedIn’s success strongly accounts for maintaining a quality PNS by providing a productive atmosphere, which involves being separated from SNS. It is important for LinkedIn to remain separate from SNS capabilities in order to maintain its high PNS quality and core values. The risk of inheriting this strategy’s premise involves losing the users that want a network that hosts both professional and social networking capabilities. LinkedIn could potentially lose users to SNS businesses, like Facebook, who are starting to provide PNS services in its SNS atmosphere. In the second premise for its strategy, holding its users for positive and negative reasons also brings both success and risk. The positivity hold, having users create positive professional identity, is a success because it is a competitive advantage over SNS providers who only provide social identity or cannot separate the two. But holding onto its users for negative reasons promotes the similar risk as mentioned in the first premise. When users think to switch from LinkedIn to a SNS that provides both SNS and PNS capabilities, LinkedIn banks on the fact that they believe users would not put losing its contacts in jeopardy. This negative hold on LinkedIn users is a risk because it is quite possible that sooner or later SNS companies that promote both PNS and SNS capabilities will also have relatively the same contacts as LinkedIn. It is risky to assume that LinkedIn can keep users based on the premise of this assumption. Lastly, the third premise for its strategy brings on success. Having companies embrace the concept of LinkedIn in the end creates more users. LinkedIn is designed so that professionals will be more productive and more effective in their careers. If LinkedIn does eventually provide SNS qualities in its service, this could pose as a risk. Companies might not want to promote a network that could waste work time with their employees playing games and spending time on personal social interaction on the network. Therefore, companies would end up fighting LinkedIn. LinkedIn has always incorporated a control over its network as part of its strategy. Keeping out non-professional information and photos helps keep the quality of its PNS professional and on top. It also embeds value propositions for its professional users as well as its corporate users which revolve around a simple user interface. Although this is what maintains its quality’s success, it also brings a risk by shying away companies who do not want to be part of a network that they cannot control. Lastly, LinkedIn is successful because of its strategy of how to obtain its revenues. Its five sources of revenue include advertising, subscriptions, job postings, corporate solutions, and primary research that evenly contribute to its earnings. If one of the sources does not do as well as expected, LinkedIn has the other four methods to rely on. Question #4 Companies implement strategies to achieve a target or reach a goal that may e becoming the market leader of the industry, increasing profits by a certain percent, or even attracting new members to use a professional network service. As mentioned in the second week of classes, a company may choose one of the four Porter’s generic strategies that include differentiation, overall cost leadership, focus differentiation, and focus low cost to achieve competitive advantage (Kumar, 2010, p. 24). LinkedIn’s strategy is a focus differentiation since it was first founded, and its strategy has helped the company to become a leader in the PNS market. The differentiation strategy involves constant innovation and providing users with what they need and want in a new or better manner than what competitors can provide. Therefore, LinkedIn and many companies in other industries may ward off its competitors through innovation, quality, and reputation although overlapping products may be present. While Facebook may present threats to LinkedIn with the intent to blur the distinction between SNSs and PNSs, LinkedIn would still maintain a competitive advantage in the PNSs. LinkedIn has always focused on differentiating itself in the PNSs by providing users a different degree of privacy, standards, and quality tools to â€Å"†¦find job candidates for position in their company, to reach out to experts around the world in order to get advice and  make better decisions† (Yoffie et al. , 2009, p. 4). LinkedIn differentiates from Facebook and other SNSs not only on the type of service that is provided, but also on the value it adds to the professional identity of each user, and the reputation it maintains. SNSs such as Facebook and MySpace may be very popular and well known around the world for the types of applications available, the connectivity advantages, and the numbers of users within the network. However, the SNSs have presented privacy issues as well as reputation issues. As mentioned in class by Professor Kumar and Mehdizadeh (2010) in her article, SNSs provide a self-presentation characteristic of low self-esteem and high narcissism users. Alternately, LinkedIn targets a long-term goal in the attempt to create a different type of environment, a â€Å"professional ecosystem† with the addition of applications and modules to help users increase efficiency in their work and portray the professional self. The existence or emergence of other PNSs would increase competition for LinkedIn; however, LinkedIn already has a well-established professional networks composed of top executives, CEOs/CFOs, and other important professionals that attract individuals who seek advice or just the possibility to connecting professionally. LinkedIn’s users may have difficulty and a cost to switch networks, but they also find value in the services available. The continuous promotion of the benefits that can be obtained and the innovation of new modules such as LinkedIn news and customizable settings will help the company ward off competitors. Question #5 Question # 5a The distinction between social and professional is clear. This distinction likens LinkedIn to the Wall Street Journal â„ ¢, and SNS’s to publications like Peopleâ„ ¢, indicating that creating a more social aspect to LinkedIn will depart from the needs and wants of their target market. The expansion by Facebook into an open platform allowed third parties to develop social apps and created a â€Å"viral [spread]† across the network. Hoffman (Yoffie et al. , 2009, p. 7) stated that he wanted to prevent this within the LinkedIn network, instead insisting on stringent protocols and reviews of all new apps, so as to provide professionals with â€Å". . . the right sort of tools to interact with their network. † Maintaining a walled garden, as opposed to an open platform, is critical to continuing LinkedIns success. Like stated before, its strategy is based around being the best PNS in the industry. Users flock to this website because of how LinkedIn keeps the network professional, promotes productivity, and enables users to advance their careers success. Keeping this prestige will conserve LinkedIn’s quality and continue to attract its target market, professional users. Question # 5b LinkedIn should not broaden the scope to include elements of social networking. LinkedIn began and still operates since 2003 as a PNS. This strategy has allowed it to flourish, generating a customer base of 75 million users spreading around 200 countries, which includes professionals from all fortune 500 companies (Yoffie et al. 2009). This growth can be attributed to its departure from obtaining the majority of its revenues from advertising, like SNS’s, and creating a focused concept that does not necessarily remove innovation within the network, but instead indicates a policy of professionalism throughout with the controlled inception of professional applications. Different from SNS, of which the majority of revenue is from advertising, LinkedIn has framed its revenue model on five sources: (1) Advertising, (2) Subscriptions, (3) Job Postings, (4) Corporate Solutions, and (5) Primary Research. Steve Sordello, CFO for LinkedIn, stated â€Å"This model gives us a lot of sustainability, even if one of those revenue streams doesn’t succeed as we expect, we have others† (Yoffie et al. , 2009, p. 6). In order to sustain a competitive advantage, in 2007, LinkedIn change a policy to accommodate users who wished to upload a single professional head shot for identification. In 2008, LinkedIn launched a product called Company Groups that brought all LinkedIn users who worked for an organization into a closed forum which provides a collected, protected space for employees to talk to each other, as a part of application program interfaces (API). Other launches included Conference Calendar, as stated above (Yoffie et al. , 2009). Question # 5c LinkedIn has created a successful user base in foreign countries. This growth is attributed to LinkedIn’s concept of build not buy, using an organic growth model, giving it a competitive advantage over its main foreign rival Xing. This advantage is through LinkedIn’s ability to control segments of its business outside the U. S. , separate from Xing who buys outside networks limiting its control, in addition to Nye’s observation that â€Å"being in English first† is an advantage.

Biodiesel vs. Ethanol Essay -- Compare Contrast Fuel Essays Papers

Biodiesel vs. Ethanol Both biodiesel and ethanol are derivatives of biomass that have been processed to create a liquid biofuel. Both types of biofuels have been touted as secure and environmentally safe alternatives to fossil fuels, however the research verifying these claims is extensive but often contradicting. In the following paper, the efficiency and quality of the two types of biofuel will be discussed. The effects of variables such as source materials and production techniques on efficiency and quality will be considered. Due to the limited scope of this paper however, only generalized net analyses of ethanol and biodiesel production will be considered. The production of ethanol requires one of two source materials, cellulose or sucrose, both of which are complex sugars. Currently, corn and sugar cane are the primary source materials for ethanol; however it can be produced from any plant cellulose. Ethanol is created using chemical and non chemical processes. These processes include liquefication, saccharification, fermentation, and distillation (Malca and Freire, 2006). Today, the world’s ethanol is primarily produced in Brazil using sugarcane. The second largest producer of ethanol is the United States, where it is created from corn. Ethanol has the largest production mass of all the biofuels (Powlson, Riche, and Shield, 2005). In 2003 Brazil produced 9.9 million tons, as compared to 8.4 million tons produced by the United States, and 1.75 million tons produced in Europe (Malca and Freire, 2006). Biodiesel is produced by subjecting the triglycerides found in vegetables oils and fats to transesterification, which is the exchanging of the alkoxy group of an ester compound by another alcohol. This creates an ox... ... dbio-ethyl tertiary butyl ether (bioETBE): Assessing the implications of allocation. Energy, 31: pp. 3362-3380. McCormick R, Graboski M, Alleman T, and Herring A. (2001). Impact of biodiesel source material and chemical structure on emissions of criteria pollutants from a heavy-duty engine. Environmental Science Technology, 35 (9): pp. 1742-1747. Pimental D and Patzek (2005). Ethanol Production using Corn, Switchgrass and Wood; Biodiesel Production using soybean and Sunflower. Earth and Environmental Sciences, 14 (1). Powlson DS, Riche AB, and Shield, I. (2005). Biofuels and other approaches for decreasing fossil fuel emissions from agriculture. Annals of Applied Biology, 146: pp. 193-201. Van Gerpen JV. (1996). Cetane number testing of biodiesel. National Biodiesel Board Reports Database, Liquid Fuels and Industrial Products from Renewable Sources.

Child development Essay

The following essay will examine factors that affect a child’s learning and development. All children are distinctive individuals and differ in pattern and timing of maturation, as well as individual personality, learning style, cultural and family background. Each child has its own varying strengths, weaknesses, specific needs and skills. The age of a child is an effective indicator to the sequence of stages of development; however, it is only an estimation of maturation, as the mentioned independent factors will differ from child to child. The stages of development in children aged one to five years include the prenatal period, infancy, toddler stage, and early childhood and cover a plethora of progress in all areas of development. Expected changes in growth take place in all areas of development, particularly in the early years, and these include physical, intellectual, language, emotional, and social development. The first five years of life are crucial for expanding the foundations for learning and development. Research has shown that the developing child is learning to discover, communicate, and extend ideas about how things work. Read more: Factors that influence child development essay The successful progress of these abilities and skills depend largely on a child’s early environment. Parents, teachers, and care providers promote development and learning when they provide experiences that build on and extend the child’s capabilities. However, it is clear from evidence on both sides of the argument that development and learning result from a contribution of both biological factors and environmental factors. Empiricists believe environmental influences shape learning and development, while nativists emphasise inborn, genetic characteristics influence development (Bee, 2006b). Development could be described as an interactive relationship between the inherited qualities of an individual and the external environment. A child’s emotional and social development is shaped by internal influences, for example, a child may be inherently shy or outgoing, however the environment will also influence the child’s social and emotional development, such as successful first relationships, cultural values and how family and peers interact with the child, i. e. the child’s immediate social environment. Cognitive development could be influenced by internal factors. Research has shown that teratogens (legal or illegal drugs), smoking, alcohol consumption can have adverse affects on cognitive development (Bee, 2006 a). A study by Monuteaux, (2006) shows the negative effects of smoking on the development of a child, and there is speculative study that maternal diet and smoking could be causal factors of ADHD (Bakker, 2003). Scarr (1983) summarises the internal and external influences on children’s development, â€Å"Both genes and environments are constituents in the developmental system, but they have different roles. Genes direct the course of human experience, but experiential opportunities are also necessary for development to occur† (Scarr, 1983, pp. 433). It is interesting to consider cognitive development in children and the subsequent affect on learning and behaviour. Piaget was an influential Swiss psychologist who researched cognitive development. Piaget believes cognitive development transpires through a combination of direct experience from one’s environment and an instinctive structure of biological maturation. Piaget suggested individuals are born with intellect to serve as a basic function that assists adaptation to their environment (Shaffer, 1989). His theory proposes that development proceeds through a set of four stages from infancy to adulthood. Piaget believed that the first stage of cognitive development is the sensorimotor stage; this occurs in the first two years of a child’s life and involves infants using motor skills and all the senses, sight, smell, touch etc to explore and gain an understanding of the environment. Preoperational stage progresses from the sensorimotor stage and includes the use of language to understand the environment, images and symbols are also used to represent the environment; this is from two to seven years of age. Piaget believed language is egocentric at this stage. The next stage is termed concrete operations and children begin to use logical thought processes to further their understanding and occurs from ages seven to eleven. Formal Operation is the last stage Piaget believes takes place in cognitive development and it involves the ability to use abstract thought processes. This is from eleven onwards (Shaffer, 1989). The central idea of Piaget’s cognitive theory is the attainment of schemas, and further assimilation and accommodation of these schemas constantly return the child to a state of equilibrium. A schema is any thought or object that one may have experienced and is then organised to aid coherence. Assimilation is the process of adding new information to enhance the understanding of an existing schema, and thus producing a new schema. Accommodation is the adjustment of an existing schema in order to include new information. Equilibration is the term Piaget uses to describe the balance a child reaches when it satisfied with a schema, new information places the child in a state of disequilibrium or imbalance, until, assimilation and accommodation allow equilibration to take place. As with all theories, Piaget was criticised for placing too much emphasis on environment and not considering social interaction as an impacting force (Cohen, 1993). It has also been suggested that children appear to have existing understanding of basic principles, e. g. a study by Gibson and Walk, used a ‘visual cliff’ where a checkerboard pattern continued several feet below a glass table. The test showed that infants as young as 5 months were able to perceive depth, and would not proceed when they reached the end of the ‘cliff’ (Bee, 2006b). This shows that many foundations of cognitive ability are already present and further learning will increase cognitive development. Vygotsky is another central figure in the domain of constructivist theory; however, he differs from Piaget in that Vygotsky places more emphasis on social learning and its effect on cognitive development. His theory focuses on a term he called ‘zone of proximal development’ and defined it as â€Å"the distance between the actual developmental level as determined by independent problem solving and the level of potential development as determined through problem solving under adult guidance, or in collaboration with more capable peers† (Vygotsky, 1978, p. 86). Vygotsky believed that learning takes place in this zone. The idea of ZPD suggests that cognitive development is established by social learning with capable peers or adults and cooperative analytical skills. In contrast to Piaget, Vygotsky stated that development was an intricate lifelong process that could not be defined into stages, but instead is to be examined as a means of development rather than an end. Vygotsky’s theory reflects correlation between learning and development. Newborn children are constantly learning from their experiences and they form understanding from theses experiences, Vygotsky, believes this learning is directly linked to sociocultural perspective. As they grow older, infants readily learn from observation and cooperative learning with peers and adults (Moyles, Miller) The psychodynamic approach addresses children’s learning by focusing on internal mechanisms, such as instincts, conflicts and unconscious forces. A familiar idea of this theory is that unconscious as well as conscious forces regulate behaviour. Freud suggested three intuitive drives for survival, the sexual drive to reproduce the human race, hunger and pain trigger the instinct to preserve one’s life and aggressive drives are the third force. Freud’s theory is criticised on many accounts, mostly that he suggests the main underlying cause of problems are sexually related, and secondly it is scientifically difficult to measure the hidden unconscious of a being. Freud’s theory implies that children learn behaviour through the progress of three stages. The newborn and infant are driven by what he termed the id; this is an inborn instinct, which demands instant gratification. As the child grows older, it learns that it cannot achieve instant gratification all the time, and the ego develops as an intermediary pacifier, which takes social contexts into consideration and delays gratification. The superego is the higher form of moral reasoning and is often considered as a parental restrictor, this last stage develops much later in development (Bee, 2006b). It can be seen how Freud’s theory affects social and emotional development and behaviour in the first five years, as most children at this age are controlled by the id and the developing ego. Erikson’s theory is often viewed as an extension of Freud’s psychosexual theory of Development. Erikson suggests that development progresses over a lifespan and he portrays this in his theory of the eight stages of psychosocial development. His theory proposes that each stage has a conflict within it that must be resolved before proceeding to the next stage; each stage presents the opportunity for success or failure. The first three stages are relevant in the first five years of a child’s life and include emotional, social and cognitive development on behaviour acquisition. The first stage is trust versus mistrust and takes place in the period of the first two years of infancy; this stage propounds an emotional crisis in which the child must successfully develop trust and security and emotional well-being. If the care provider does not reciprocate emotional care positively the child becomes mistrustful. Once the child has learned trust, it advances to the next stage of autonomy versus shame, and approximately takes place in early childhood. This stage concentrates on the child’s ability to develop confidence and a sense of independence. Children at this age (approximately two to four years) begin to manage small parts of their lives, and Erikson suggests toilet training is a huge feat in establishing independence in a child. It also consists of decision-making and choice over things like food, clothes etc, if a child is unsuccessful in this stage then it leads to shame and a feeling of inadequacy. The third stage occurs from about three to five years of age, and incorporates the child’s ability to play and develop social skills of leadership or subordination, power and a sense of self. If the child cannot overcome the crisis then inhibition, fear and a prolonged development are the result. The successful child proceeds to the next stage and so forth (Brain 2005) The humanistic perspective argues that behaviour is subjective as individuals determine and control their own thoughts and actions. Maslow hypothesised a hierarchy of need, in which each level of the hierarchy had to be satisfied before the human need moved on to the next level. For example, according to Maslow’s hierarchy it is not perceived that an individual would desire the comfort of a spouse or children, if basic physiological needs such as food and water were not satisfied (Bee 2006a). Children develop and learn most productively in the environment of a community where they are safe and valued, and their emotional and physiological needs fulfilled. If physical nourishment is transpiring then Maslow’s theory depicts emotional well-being as an important factor, certainly all aspects of development are influenced by successfully accomplishing positive first relationships. This provides the constructive foundation for effective social and emotional development, which will inadvertently affect cognitive development as well. Skinner constructed a theory he termed operant conditioning, and based it on the notion that learning is a means of behaviour modification. His experiments show how he conditioned rats to pull a lever to release food, the incentive for the rats was the food and the required behaviour was pulling the lever. The theory illustrates that changes in behaviour are the consequences of an individual’s reaction to incentives that occur in any given environment; subsequently the reaction will produce an outcome. When a specific response is reinforced, behaviour is conditioned, and the individual will respond to a stimulus to achieve its incentive; the result will be consistent each time. The crucial aspect of Skinner’s model is reinforcement, a particular behaviour can be acquired through reward, and certain behaviours prevented through punishment (Brain, 2005). Skinner’s theory belongs to the Behaviourist approach and is effective in explaining some of the causes and modifications of behaviour; it is often used in schools to elicit particular behaviours from children (usually in the form of sweets or stickers). Social learning theory clarifies behaviour in terms of consistent equal correlation between cognitive, behavioural, and environmental influences. Social learning theory has four main components, attention, retention, motor reproduction and motivation, which cover physical, cognitive and behavioural development. Attention requires concentration so that the events are observed accurately. Retention includes the intellectual organization of information in order to store it effectively in the memory and remember the correct processes of events. Motor reproduction includes the physical ability to imitate the behaviour, for example, a human is not physically able to fly like superman. Motivation involves the child to be willing and motivated to imitate the behaviour. The observed consequences of a particular behaviour (whether punished or rewarded) may influence a child’s decision to imitate or not, Bandura called this modeling (Brain 205) One of the famous experiments conducted by Albert Bandura, known as the ‘Bobo doll’ experiment revealed that children imitated aggressive physical and verbal behaviour towards the dolls, exactly as they had observed, whereas the children who observed non-aggressive behaviour displayed practically no aggressive behaviour (Shaffer, 1989). Bandura suggests that social behaviour is learned primarily by observing and imitating the actions of others. Children are often observed imitating adults in role-play. Punishment and reward are also influences on behavioural development as mentioned in Skinner’s theory, for example, a child may observe a peer being rewarded with a sticker for tidying up and then learn that to obtain a sticker s/he must also tidy up. This theory facilitates an understanding of how behaviour is acquired and how it may be modified. John Bowlby developed attachment theory and he suggested that first relationships are the basis for young children’s development, predominantly their social and emotional development. Bowlby (1979: 129) states â€Å"†¦ attachment behaviour is held to characterize human beings from the cradle to the grave†; much of Bowlby’s work was on the maternal bond that develops with a child. He believed that the connection between mother and child, or caregiver and child has a basic gentle and evolutionary basis, in order for the child to receive appropriate care, protection and nourishment; it has a tendency to maintain nearness to the main caregiver. Bowlby maintained that a child displays attachment behaviour when separated from the main care provider, first as protest, then despair and finally as detachment. First relationships can be summarised as â€Å"a deeply rooted motivational system that ensures close contact between babies and adult caregivers who can protect, nurture, and guide their development† (Shonkoff, 2000, p 230). Bowlby expanded and utilised various research to support his theory, one of his early works included research on delinquent adolescents and discovered maternal deprivation to be a recurring matter. Michael Rutter (1981) criticized Bowlby’s theory, and suggested that early experiences cannot be held as direct underlying causes for later emotional distress, Rutter believed it is more significant how children are looked after in the period of severance not the actual severance itself (Cowie, 2002). Bowlby introduced three stages of attachment, during the first pre-attachment phase (0-2 months) babies do not develop a particular attachment, and are content to be cared for by anyone. In the second phase (2-7 months) babies show a firm attachment to the main caregiver and cling to this figure when in the presence of a stranger, Bowlby termed this ‘stranger fear’. The last phase is around two years of age and is labelled separation anxiety, the infant is confident to move away from the main caregiver provided they remain physically present for the child to return to Brain (2005). Bowlby suggested that constant loving care and nurturing was essential during the crucial phase between approximately 6 months and 3 years of age, maternal deprivation or separation from the primary caregiver would result in considerable detrimental effects on social and emotional development of the child (Cowie, 2002). Harlow and Harlow’s famous experiment on Rhesus monkeys provided support to Bowlby’s theory (Bowlby, 1973). In these experiments, young monkeys were separated from their mother shortly after birth. Two wire monkeys were substituted as artificial surrogate mothers. The first monkey was made of wire mesh and provided food; however, the second monkey was covered with foam and cloth and only provided comfort. The young monkeys nursed at the wire monkey but sought contact with the cloth monkey. The experiment showed that infants need a mother’s love and comfort, and it proved that infants prefer proximity and comfort from a mother, rather than just using the mother for nourishment. The young monkeys clutched to the soft cloth doll and explored more when in the presence of the soft cloth doll, and the doll seemed to provide them with a sense of security. Infants reared without normal social interaction with other monkeys, displayed either fearful or aggressive behaviour and the effects were apparent from two years of age, well into adulthood (Brain 2005). The experiment portrayed the importance of warmth, love and comfort that a nurturing mother or primary carer provides is essential for intellectual, social and emotional development. Mary Ainsworth’s research was based on an experiment to observe attachment behaviour between a child and the primary caregiver (usually the mother) the experiment is known as the strange situation. The procedure involves a child playing in a room, meanwhile the caregiver and stranger alternately enter and leave the room, the child’s play behaviour and responses to caregiver and stranger are observed. The experiment placed children in four categories of attachment, secure, insecure-avoidant, insecure-resistant and disorganized. Attachment theorists are realizing that children differ from birth, but individual personalities and development are influenced by social experience, environment, and the attachment relationship is affected by the characteristics of both child and caregiver (Parkes, 1993) Cultural differences in child-rearing practices have various implications and meanings across cultures. Culture defines a set of beliefs and patterns of behaviour; this can be in a social, religious, societal or ethnic context. Culture clearly has an influence on the development of children, Edwards and Gandini (1989) point out that culture organises and translates children’s behaviour and development (Hinde, 1993). â€Å"To understand development we must come to terms with the ways in which individuals, in developing their own self-concepts and participating in social relationships, both shape and are shaped by their social and cultural environment† (Hinde, 1993). In a research paper Reebye, (2006) found various studies on cultural differences in child rearing and the impact this had on child development. Chen et al. (1998) studied reticent behaviour in Chinese and Canadian children and the child-rearing attitudes of the relative mothers. The results showed that Chinese babies were significantly more withdrawn and shy than their Canadian counterparts, and the underlying cause of this behaviour difference lay in parental styles and attitudes. Taciturn behaviour was positively associated with the Chinese mother’s approval, whereas the Canadian mothers negatively received it, which implies a variation of the connotation of behaviour inhibition across both cultures (Reebye, 2006). Another example Reebye (2006) presents is a study conducted by Marcovitchet al (1997) which assessed the development, attachment and behavioural problems in adopted Romanian orphans between three to five years of age. The study revealed that children who had spent less time I institutional car displayed better development outcomes and more securely attached compared to the group of children who had spent more than six months in institutional care. The latter group were insecurely attached and scored less on development outcomes. The disadvantage of cross-cultural studies is the limitations of the range of studies in measuring attitudes, beliefs, cultural practices etc. Reebye (2006) continues to describe the importance of relationship development and its effects on affective, cognitive, social development and moral and ethical attitudes. Child-rearing practices and attachment directly influence these developmental factors, and it is important to remember that parenting practices are in turn influenced by social and cultural traditions. †The factors such as parental intuition, parental attitudes, attributions and beliefs, learned parenting skills, accepted cultural and societal parenting norms, family factors, and environmental factors such as extended family support, poverty or unemployment – are the most influential ones. Each of these or all collectively, can be considered from a cross-cultural perspective. † (Reebye 2006). In today’s modern and often changing world, many cultures also change and adapt, from generation to generation. Changes in societal norms, immigration and such alike affect child-rearing practice considerably, such single parenting is a common family structure, yet in the Victorian times was extremely rare and frowned upon, other changes include inter-racial adoptions, parenting by same sex couples, use of surrogate mothers etc. It can be suggested that children’s social, emotional and cognitive development is indisputably influenced by environmental factors, genetic compositions, attachment and first relationship, cultural traditions and this is reflected in their unique personalities and behaviour. â€Å"In general, there is a need to understand multiple outcomes of child development (cognitive, physical, social, and emotional) within the context of multiple factors (social, economic, cultural, and community-level)† (The National Institute of Health, 2006). The first five years are important to understand the influences and causal links of child development in the early years. This may facilitate children’s well-being and ensure that government policies regarding children are reflective of child development needs, in particular families living in poverty or deprived areas. For example, quality of schools and education will affect cognitive development, and racial, gender, and religious integration will have positive effects on social development. It can be inferred that positive emotional development underpins all other areas of development, and if emotional development is defective then it will be replicated across other areas of development. In essence, all areas of development are interwoven and interdependent. The first five years are crucial for positive development, basic needs such as food, sleep and safety ensures good physical development, providing love, comfort and positive first relationships and attachments is essential to assist emotional development, which will also helps social development, and the correct stimulation and interaction ensures healthy cognitive development. REFERENCES Bakker, S. C. Van Der Meulen, E. M. Buitelaar, J. K. Sandkuijl, L. A. Pauls, D. L. Monsuur, A. J. Vant Slot, R. Minderaa. R. B. Gunning, W. B. Pearson, P. L. Sinke, R. J. (2003) â€Å"A Whole-Genome Scan in 164 Dutch Sib Pairs with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Suggestive Evidence for Linkage on Chromosomes 7p and 15q† American Journal of Human Genetics, Vol. 72, pp. 1251-1260 Bee, H. (2006a) Lifespan Development, Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc Bee, H. (2006b) The Developing Child, Boston, MA: Parson Education, Inc Bowlby, J. (1973) Separation: Anxiety & Anger. Vol. 2 of Attachment and loss London: Hogarth Press; New York: Basic Books; Harmondsworth: Penguin Brain, C and Mukherjee, P. (2005) Understanding Child Psychology, Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes Ltd Cohen, D. (1993) The Development of Play, 2nd edition. London: Routledge Cowie, H. (2002) ‘Child Care and Attachment’ in Barnes, P (Ed), Personal, Social and Emotional Development of Children Milton Keynes: Blackwell Publishers Ltd Hinde, R and Hinde, J. (1993) ‘Perspectives on Attachment’ in Parkes, C. M. (Editor), Attachment Across the Life Cycle, Florence, KY, USA: Routledge http://site. ebrary. com/lib/uclan Monuteaux, M. C. Blacker, D. Biederman, J. Fitzmaurice, G and Buka, S. L. (2006) â€Å"Maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring overt and covert conduct problems: a longitudinal study† Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, Vol. 47, No. 9, pp. 883–890 National Institute of Health. (2006) The science and Ecology Of Early Development (SEED), http://grants. nih. gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PA-04-113. html Reebye, P. N, Ross. S. E and Jamieson. K (2006) A Literature review of the child-Parent/ Caregiver attachment theory and Cross-Cultural Practices influencing attachment, www. attachmentacrosscultures. org/research/#1: accessed on 19/12/2006 Scarr, S. , & K. McCartney. (1983) ‘How people make their own environments: A theory of genotype-environment effects’, Child Development, Vol. 54, pp 425-35. Shaffer, D. R. (1989) Developmental Psychology, Childhood and Adolescence, 2nd Edition, California: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company. Shonkoff, J. P. (2000) From Neurons to Neighbourhoods: The Science of Early Childhood Development. Washington, DC, USA: National Academy Press, http://site. ebrary. com/lib/uclan/ Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind and society: The development of higher mental processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

The Combat For Women s Rights - 1181 Words

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